Annie J Kemp Thesis

2009-05-18T03:04:00.000-07:00

SCHEDULE FOR COMPLETION:

May 18, 2009	Finalize building designs
May 25, 2009	Finalize site layout
June 1, 2009	Finalize all design aspects
June 8, 2009	Prepare thesis document
June 15, 2009	Prepare thesis document
June 22, 2009	Continue developing thesis
June 29, 2009	Email 1st Draft to BAC
July 6, 2009	Contiue developing thesis
July 13, 2009	Revise thesis per review
July 20, 2009	Email 2nd Draft to BAC
July 27, 2009	Revise thesis per review
August 3, 2009	Finalize revisions to thesis
August 10, 2009	Print and mail copies of thesis

Design Considerations

2009-05-16T17:02:00.000-07:00

After the last (and I mean last!!) critque, I found the comments especially useful. First things first, where is the architecture coming from:
Reading more books isn't exactly where I should be at this point in thesis, but I always find it helps me refocus on what I am trying to do. Looking at the architecture of Tadao Ando again brought me back to the importance of simplicity and nature. Bohlin Cwyinski Jackson reminded me of the use of material and site and also lead to me another resource. I ended up looking at the houses of Thomas Bosworth. While none of the architecture seemed especially grand on first glance, the ability to bring light into the darkest of rooms was incredible. Every room was treated with various qualities of light to further emphasis the importance of that space. One project in particular provided a great jumping point for how the path was to be developed. See comment three. The architecture for this project comes from the ideas of the importance of time and our passage through it. By using the natural elements around us, the spaces are able to convey and emphasis these changes by use of material, light and orientation. The stone bases are able to root us in nature while the path is able to let us remain detached. I like to think that this allows us to be in the view and of the view.
How big do these spaces really need to be:

This comment was especially useful as I realized how much wasted space I had. One of the reasons for creating separate buildings was to help minimize the impact on the earth and preserve more of the natural landscape. After a simple study of human spaces, I created a series of diagrams that show the minimum amount of space required for the bare necessities for offices, bedrooms, bathrooms, etc. I juxtaposed these forms to create the smallest footprint possibly. While these spaces were adequate, the spaces in general should not feel so tight. By opening up walls and giving more room (many are in wheelchairs after all), the footprint became smaller than before and each piece served a purpose. The large circulation corridor that is integral to each building became more about how the community used that space and interacted and reacted to it rather than just passing through. Overall, successful step at defining the architecture!

The Path:
Breakthrough! One of the projects featured three buildings connected via a walkway. Look at that connection to the ground! It allows the user to be surrounded by nature yet projects nature.

I have developed a similar idea that raises the walkway above the natural curve of the landscape to allow users to be surrounded while minimizing the impact. The path provides a clear edge yet the natural flora and fauna encroach to the very edge almost taking over the edge of my path. I am very excited about this development and will be posting images shortly.

Revisit the Site:
To my surprise and excitement, revisiting the site showed me things I hadn't seen the last few visits. I found another "secret" staircase going to no where that is perfectly located at the juncture between choosing the path through nature of progressing to the facility. Love it!! I also didn't realize how varied the landscape was. There seems to be a little bit more grade than what the topo map shows! I also found a pond, etc. Big discoveries, all which further help my site development. Photos to come.

I feel I am finally in a great place to finish the design and continue the presentation portion of thesis! Yeah!!

Final Presentation

2009-05-16T16:42:00.001-07:00

Updated Plans and Elevations

2009-04-08T16:54:00.001-07:00

As I think about structure and sustainability and how it relates to the connections we make in life, I have created a structural element that helps to symbolize how we connect others through the actions we take. The sloping roofs feed rain from one to another allowing for the water to be collected into a single location symbolizing how our interactions work with others.

Updated Site Plan

2009-03-19T16:59:00.000-07:00

Community Plan-Part 1

2009-03-05T17:26:00.001-08:00

Assisted-Suicide Article

2009-02-27T05:45:00.000-08:00

http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090227/ap_on_re_us/assisted_suicide_ring

Administration & Memory Hall

2009-02-19T18:00:00.001-08:00

Retreat Plan-Cluster

2009-02-13T05:34:00.001-08:00

Experience

2009-02-13T05:33:00.000-08:00

NARRATIVE OF THE PATIENT:

1. INITIAL CONSULTATION WITH OUTSIDE DOCTOR

2. INITIAL CONSULTATION WITH ON-SITE DOCTOR AND TOUR OF THE FACILITY

3. LAST CONSULTATION WITH ON-SITE DOCTOR

4. MAKE ARRANGEMENTS TO ENTER FACILITY

5. ARRIVE AT FACILITY

a. EXPERIENCE OF ENTRY-PATH AND GARDEN OF WHAT REMAINS

b. CHECK-IN AT ADMINISTRATION BUILDING

c. MOVE IN TO RETREAT

i. PERSONALIZE TOKONOMA SPACE

d. DAILY ACTIVITIES LEADING UP TO DEATH

i. DOCTOR CONSULTATIONS

ii. COUNSELING CONSULTATIONS

1. INDIVIDUAL

2. WITH LOVED ONE

3. GROUP WITH OTHER PATIENTS

iii. MEMORY MAKING ACTIVITY WITH LOVED ONE

1. RECORD STORIES

2. PHOTOGRAPHS

3. LEAVE A LEGACY FOR YOUR FUTURE GENERATIONS

4. CREATE A BOOK OF YOUR STORY (ONE TO STAY ON-SITE AND ONE FOR FAMILY

iv. GROUP ACTIVITIES (THE SIMPLE THINGS IN LIFE)

1. NATURE WALK

2. MEDITATION

3. DINING

4. READ STORIES OF PATIENTS BEFORE

v. DAILY SERVICES PROVIDED BY FACILITY

1. DEPENDING ON NEEDS

a. CHANGE SHEETS

b. CHANGE CLOTHING

c. CLEAN RETREAT

2. SERVE MEALS

a. IN DINING ROOM

b. OR BROUGHT TO RETREAT

3. C.N.A./VOLUNTEERS CHECK-UPS THROUGH OUT DAY

6. PREPARE FOR FINAL GOODBYE

a. COUNSELING

b. SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE WITH LOVED ONE

c. RESOLUTION OF ONE’S LIFE

d. FINAL CONVERSATION

i. RESOLVE CONFLICTS AND LET GO OF PAST HURTS

ii. STRENGTHEN RELATIONSHIPS BY TALKING RATHER THAN SILENCE

iii. REACH SATISFACTORY CLOSURE WITH LOVED ONE’S

iv. CLARIFY THE LIVINGS LIFE PATH

7. FINAL MOMENT

a. LAST GOODBYE

b. PEACEFUL EXIT

NARRATIVE OF FAMILY AND FRIENDS

1. INFORMED OF LOVED ONE’S DECISION

2. TOUR OF FACILITY

3. ARRIVE AT FACILITY

a. EXPERIENCE OF ENTRY-PATH AND GARDEN OF WHAT REMAINS

b. CHECK-IN AT ADMINISTRATION BUILDING

c. MOVE IN TO RETREAT

d. DAILY ACTIVITIES LEADING UP TO DEATH

i. COUNSELING CONSULTATION

1. INDIVIDUAL

2. WITH LOVED ONE

3. GROUP WITH OTHER LOVED ONE’S

ii. MEMORY MAKING ACTIVITY

iii. COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES

1. NATURE WALK

2. MEDITATION

3. DINING

4. LAUNDRY

5. COOKING

iv. CHAPEL SERVICES

1. SPIRITUAL GUIDANCE

2. SERVICE

4. PREPARE FOR FINAL GOODBYE

a. COUNSELING

b. SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE WITH LOVED ONE

c. RESOLUTION OF LOVED ONE’S LIFE

d. FINAL CONVERSATION

i. RESOLVE CONFLICTS AND LET GO OF PAST HURTS

ii. STRENGTHEN RELATIONSHIPS BY TALKING RATHER THAN SILENCE

iii. REACH SATISFACTORY CLOSURE WITH THE DYING

iv. CLARIFY YOUR LIFE PATH

5. FINAL MOMENT

a. IF FUNERAL TO BE ON SITE, BODY MOVED TO FUNERAL HOME WHERE IT WILL BE PREPARED ON SITE.

b. BODY MOVED TO FINAL RESTING LOCATION

c. CEREMONY OF SCATTERING ASHES INTO THE RIVER

6. CELEBRATION OF LOVED ONE’S LIFE AND MEMORIES WITH FRIENDS AND FAMILY

7. PLANT MEMORY TREE IN WHAT REMAINS GARDEN

8. CHECK-OUT OF FACILITY

9. MAINTAIN CONNECTIONS

a. VISIT GARDENS AT YEARLY MEMORIAL

b. CONNECT WITH FRIENDS MET WHILE AT THE FACILITY

c. VOLUNTEER TIME AT THE FACILITY

i. SHARE EXPERIENCE IN GROUP SETTING

ii. LEAD ACTIVITIES

Plans

2009-02-10T17:01:00.001-08:00

Site Plan: Large space is reserved for admin, medical and community. Small spaces throughout site are retreats. Maintenance space south of main buildings. Spiritual center is located at river's edge.

What's Next

2009-02-01T06:57:00.000-08:00

After leaving the intensive with a better idea of what I am doing, I still have a few questions left to answer. From the review I took a few things back:

Foundation for Kairos Retreat-create a mission statement for facility

I need to think through the aspects of the facility. What happens, what doesn’t. What does the site look like? (Although I have all this in my head, it’s time to get it out on paper.)

Why Japanese Architecture: After reading a few books on the topic, I feel confident in the choice for Japanese inspiration. The role that nature plays in its architecture is integral. The individual will interpret the space for themselves. It is our job to provide a space that provides the connections to nature and allows open interpretation of the spaces.

Notes on this weeks readings:

THE NEW JAPANESE HOUSE

Metabolism Architecture-susceptibility of change between rooms. Flexibility of function, reciprocity between inside and out. Taboo to connect buildings, no relationship to others.

Ceiling connects heaven and earth. Exposed structure.

Architecture of live possibilities. Space floats from one meaning to the next when we approach a building we are searching for ourselves in it.

Architecture and nature-a system of organizing

Scenery-Jukkyo

Sohmon-first gate

Sandoh-the approach

Sanmon-third gate (gate of the mountain)

Kairoh-the corridor

Kyo no niwa- garden of void

Kidah-the base

Shumidan-hanzon-the main idol

The house is a possibility, something that is only animated by contact with the user.

PLACE, TIME AND BEING IN JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

Fundamental reverence for the forces of nature.

Kami-deification of the life force which pervades all beings, animate and inanimate.

Roji-convoluted garden path-psychological disconnection from the worlds at large.

Geometric planning compass

Kenko Yoshida- “A house should be built with summer in mind. In winter it is possible to live anywhere.”

Fixed center-pillar

Tadoa Ando-“I do not believe architecture should speak too much. It should remain silent and let nature in the guise of sunlight and wind speak. I introduce nature-light, wind and water, within a geometric and ordered architecture, thereby awakening it to life. Climatic changes in turn transform the condition of architecture from moment to moment. In these results, architectural expression is born 1that is capable of moving the human spirit and allows us to glimpse the eternal within the moment.”

Discontinous unity-choki seminar building by Takamas Yoshizaka

HOSPICE INPATIENT ENVIRONMENTS

Program of care:

Constant availability of medical and nursing

Accepted based on need not money.

Bereavement fellowships.

Social workers, nurses, clergy, physicians.

Needs food, comfort, socializing, privacy, diversions.

Need to further look at the Hillhaven Foundation in Tuscon, AZ and Connecticut Hospice.

Family rooms, kitchenettes, indoor gardening and artwork, outdoor garden, dining room, multipurpose room.

A conclusion of the needs of hospice patients found on page 201

Further research on Hanuman Foundation also known as The Dying Project in Sante Fe, New Mexico

So where do I go from here:

Finish research on foundations for the dying and create a mission statement for this facility.

Look at Japanese interpretations for other facilities. I have started at the core of my project, but there is much more to do as I start looking at the form of the administration, medical and community spaces.

Site Plan: look at landscaping along the paths in addition to their location. I keep picturing the Woodland Cemetery with the light shining through the trees down to the lush green lawn below. Between the units, I would prefer to keep underbrush for the sake of privacy but along the paths, I could open it up and just leave the trees, furthering their reach into the heavens.

Admin, Medical and Counseling: Keeping each building small helps to keep it more personal for the patient. By separating these elements into separate buildings, I can achieve my goal. I would prefer to allow the administration building take the form of a covered walk that encourages pause and reflection upon first entering the facility. The medical building will provide basic services for a small staff of doctors and nurses. I am planning on combining the offices for the counseling services in this building as well. The community building is becoming more and more important. The need for interaction is a critical element . Providing a flexible space that can accommodate group counseling, funeral/celebratory services, dining, activities, etc. It is the variety in this space that will become unique to each group of visitors. This building will also provide access to the laundry facility and to a large kitchen. It is in these types of everyday interactions that relationships are formed that can create the support system necessary after the dying is gone.

I have always planned on using the river to some extent. It is one of the reasons I picked the site. I keep envisioning the spiritual center being located floating on the river. If this is going to happen, I need to design this aspect right away. The site provides another location on top of a small hill that already declares its spiritual connection to nature. I was going to place the spiritual center here but with its natural beauty, I feel it is better left with a few benches for meditation but not a physical structure. Using the river for spiritual connection allows the fundamental meanings of life to be broadcasted in one place at one time. Earth, fire, water and wind can all be felt and heard as one sits on top the river.

End of Intensive Presentation

2009-01-20T06:46:00.000-08:00

Initial Intensive Presentation

2009-01-14T06:18:00.001-08:00

Sketch Book

2008-12-22T05:46:00.001-08:00

Schematic Plans & Perspectives: Upward & Outward

2008-12-18T05:27:00.000-08:00

2008-12-14T07:51:00.000-08:00

Montana

2008-12-08T05:56:00.001-08:00

As soon as one passes a law, all the rest seem to follow. Oregon, Washington and now Montana...I am going to have to keep updating my introduction slides!

http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,463069,00.html

Another Approach

2008-12-04T18:37:00.001-08:00

Another round of Schematic...

2008-12-03T18:46:00.000-08:00

Design Progress

2008-11-23T17:13:00.000-08:00

Site Neighbor

2008-11-16T18:43:00.001-08:00

Another interesting thing I learned this week, the north side of the site is bordered by the Ipswich River Watershed Association. It provides access to the river and promotes water conservation. More information about the group can be found on their website at: http://www.ipswichriver.org

More History of the Site

2008-11-14T04:59:00.000-08:00

I found some great books on the old stories of Ipswich. I was only able to find one article on the site I have chosen. I am trying to locate the original image. I did learn a lot about the town I live in. It seems every house on my street was at one time located somewhere else or rotated. No one would ever do that nowadays. Anyway, here is an article that was originally published in the local paper and later turned into a book, "Tales of Olde Ipswich" by Harold Bowen.

Programming

2008-11-14T04:57:00.000-08:00

For those of you able to go straight to your design, I applaud you. I needed to go through the programming step first. After looking over the requirements and approximate spaces necessary, I believe I now am at a good spot to work on design.

Preliminary Site Layout

2008-11-11T19:24:00.000-08:00

WA Death with Dignity Act Passes!!!

2008-11-05T05:36:00.000-08:00

In Washington state, voters decided to join Oregon as the only states offering terminally ill people the option of physician-assisted suicide!

County Results & Map

Last updated on 11/5/2008 3:10 AM

Initiative Measure 1000 concerns allowing certa in terminally ill competent adults to obtain lethal prescriptions

Measure

Vote

Vote %

Yes

931,707

58.78 %

653,275

41.22 %

Total Votes

1,584,982

100.00%

Source: vote.wa.gov

Site

2008-11-02T07:49:00.000-08:00

After spending some time with Google Earth, I found three possible sites. One is at a lake, one at a river and one at the ocean. After driving around and looking at the various sites, I have chosen the one located at the river. The seventeen acre site is located on the Ipswich River just south of Ipswich. Home to the historic Marguery Restaurant, this site used to be the place to go to for dining, parties and weddings. The beautiful natural site was filled with tree line paths, small streams and of course, the river. After a series of fires in the 70's, the entire restaurant was destroyed. The site has sat empty ever since. The remains of the paths and ponds and streams remain hidden in nature. Thinking green, I wanted to find a site that had already been developed so as to not disturb a greensite. The site is less than an hour drive from Boston. The overall topography is flat, a few small hills punctuate the edges of the site. The views of the River provide the desired connection to water.

Area of Focus

2008-10-30T13:26:00.000-07:00

Saturday I plan to explore some of my possible sites. At least I have narrowed it down to being by water and within an hour drive of Boston. I almost feel that I should be looking for a site that has been built previously that could either be preserved or, dare I say it, torn down (bad LEED AP!). I think there could be something beautiful about integrating the program into an existing condition. I may also just be confusing my topic and need to stick with the original site idea! This map is of the area that I have been exploring. Saturday I plan to take some images that I can post.

WDWDA

2008-10-21T11:33:00.000-07:00

Washington's Death with Dignity Act(WDWDA) is my new research topic. I have looked at the various views on death and suicide amongst the different religions. I don't feel like that information is as relevant as what is going in Washington. Martin Sheen is very outspoken against passing WDWDA while the ex-governor, suffering from Parkinson's is rallying the votes. I will keep the blog update with interesting articles I find. Here is a good one that is from May of 2007, although dated, it provides the facts:

http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/316298_gardner18.html

Results of recent polling show 57% in favor:
http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2008/10/27/prsb1027.htm

A poll conducted Aug. 11 and 12, 2008, showed 51% of respondents were leaning toward supporting Initiative 1000, while 26% indicated they were leaning against it. Undecided voters made up 23%. The poll was sponsored by KING 5 and conducted by Survey USA. It included 1,000 adults and 718 likely voters.[24]

A statewide Elway Poll from early August indicated a higher level of undecided voters, with 39% of those polled saying they favor the measure and 26% opposing it.[24]

I will continue posting on this topic through out the thesis period.

Site Characteristics

2008-10-20T17:43:00.001-07:00

For a facility associated with death and dying, strong emotions are immediately triggered from the name alone. The facility itself should not speak about death in a negative way. By embracing death and the natural processes of life, the visitors will be able to see beyond the basic idea and become inspired by what life is. The process of life is vital to the site.

As long as we have lived, we have died. The 16^th century philosopher Michel de Montaigne said “Your death is a part of the order of the universe, ‘tis a part of the life of the world…’tis the condition of your creation…give place to others, as others have given place to you.” The order of the universe should be as much a part of the program as any other function. Finding a site that is rich with change and nature will emphasis the facility and help encourage others to look at the circle of life.

Julius Caesar says “Of all the wonders that I have heard, it seems to me most strange that men should fear; seeing that death, a necessary end, will come when it will come.” To take away the fear of death, the site should be a bright and lively place, one of tranquility and peace. I can imagine sitting along a creek, the wind, the sun and the noise of the water, quietly able to reflect on myself.

The changing seasons are a part of life. Spring is seen as a time of renewal; fall a time of death and decay. Letting the site speak for itself through the changing seasons will further emphasis the natural process of death. A site that provides all four seasons will be ideal. A mild winter would be preferred to allow greater access to the outdoor portions of the facility.

With Oregon being the only location where assisted-suicide is currently legal, it provides a great starting point for looking at which features are most important. Identifying the attributes that make Oregon so ideal opens up almost the entire country to provide an ideal site. Nature survives everywhere. Life and death have no boundaries. As Washington votes on passing their own Death with Dignity Act, others can’t be far behind. Ignoring the current legal implications of such a facility, my site choices are endless.

Attributes of Ideal Site:

Proximity to Water: Ideally located on the ocean, the rhythmic nature of the waves provides a soothing backdrop. The idea of being able to look to the horizon and see into infinity provides a spiritual connection. Water symbolically represents rebirth and renewal. For those that have lost a loved one, the proximity to water can be very important.

Changing Seasons: As we view the natural changes in earth, it provides a connection to the natural changes we go through in our own seasons.

Great Light: The way natural light plays across the water is difficult to replicate. Seeing the rays of light penetrate the deep forest are breathtaking. Moments of awe occur when we are able to see the basic function of the sun interact with our natural surroundings.

Natural Vegetation: Providing a view of nature helps patients feel better. Being surrounded by vegetation calms one’s mind and provides something ever changing to look at and engage.

Mild Terrain: Due to the nature of the patients, an easily traversable terrain is important. In order for everyone to engage with nature, it needs to be accessible. Wide paved trails will be required for access.

Proximity to Metropolitan Area: Looking at the statistical data of Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act, the majority of patients live in and around the major metropolitan areas. Situating the site within close proximity to a dense population will ensure that family and friends are able to visit frequently or even stay while they continue their normal tradition.

With these ideas in mind, I am going to focus on Massachusetts as my sight.

Washington's Death with Dignity Act

2008-10-16T05:48:00.001-07:00

As many of you eagerly await the presidential elections, my focus has turned to Washington's Death with Dignity Act. There is a ton of information coming up from both sides of the issue. If this passes, it will further my intent of designing a facility that could be anywhere. With the issue of gay marriage, Massachusetts was first. Now that California has followed, other states are passing similar legislation. All it takes is Oregon plus one. I have spoke with my family and friends that are registered voters in Washington. Many great ads have been running in favor of passing WA's DWDA. I eagerly await the results!

Here are a few great articles to check out:

http://www.itsmydecision.org/
http://www.deathwithdignity.org/news/news/washington.asp
http://www.ewtn.com/vnews/getstory.asp?number=91048
http://noassistedsuicide.com/

RESEARCH TOPIC 3

2008-10-11T12:19:00.000-07:00

My research topic this week is on death; personal and religious views on death, how we view death as a society and the statistical analysis of how we die. The books I requested for this topic just barely came into the library. I should have time to finish them this week and post this research next week along with my work on site. If anyone has any personal views or stories they would like to share, I welcome all comments!

KOTO-IN TEMPLE EXPERIENCE

2008-10-11T11:51:00.000-07:00

Daitoku-ji is a Zen Buddhist monastery located in the ancient city of Kyoto. The Koto-In temple is only one of many sacred temples located inside the complexes high walls; the entire complex is surrounded by high walls separating the profane outer world from the sacred place. Main avenues arranged axially lead one around the complex. At the western end of the main avenue is the entrance of Koto-In.

The Koto-In temple is a tea-house. In order to reach this sacred space, one must take part in a journey. The path to Koto-In is a recreation of the experience of journey that is taken by pilgrims of all faiths. It is evocative of a pilgrimage to a monk's mountainside hermitage. The temple is built in shoin style which is a typical residential architecture used during the Muromachi period. Zen monastic life stresses austerity and simplicity with a rigorous work schedule and meditation. Life is viewed as short and precarious with death never far away. Enlightenment was possible at any moment. The Koto-In temple is located in the southwestern part of the Daitoku-ji monastery. Located on the main avenue, the entrance is typical of those to subtemples. The gateway here is smaller but similar to those of the monastery. Beyond the subtemple gateway, the edges of the path expand but still retain a feeling of enclosure and constriction. The alignment of the path is asymetrical. It shifts and turns at right angles as one progresses. A semi-enclosed environment is created by these shifts, the plantings and path enclosure walls. The environment created follows along a main path that is broken up to symbolize the journey and change that take place. Each segment is unique in volume, path, scale and threshold. The manipulation of these aspects creates the journey.

The first segment of the path is the entry from the main avenue. This entry court is the first gateway to the Koto-In temple. One has to step up to a wide stone platform to enter. This threshold acts as a way of marking sacred ground, delineating a border between the profane outer world and a sacred place. The enclosure of this space is entry is created by high clay walls, low bamboo railing and plantings. The walls establish the top of the inscribed volume. The walls are all at the same height. This first space is approximately 20 x 56 feet. The wall provides views to the bamboo grove on the right and to the deciduous grove on the left and ahead. The views of these trees suggest a larger volume beyond the space one is currently in. Traditional in Zen temple gardens, the view of the trees provides a visual relief and an indication of what lies ahead. The path here is set symmetrically inside a moss garden with small coniferous trees along the edges. The path is paved with irregularly shaped stone providing a smooth path. The low railing creates a smaller volume of space that directly relates to the individual and the path. In this first segment, three volumes are created. The first is created by the high clay walls. The second is the lines of the coniferous trees in the moss garden. The third is the low railing that directly surrounds the path, creating the smallest volume of all.

At the end of the first segment the path has turned 90 degrees and now approaches the main gateway to the Koto-In temple. The depth of the gateway and the lines of the roof overhang delineate the main volume here. The gateway is twice the height of the enclosure walls that one has previously encountered. A monumental set of doors with two smaller doors on the sides set the stage for this intimidating entry. This volume is approximately 26'x17'.

After one has passed through the gateway one enters a space offering the first unobscured views. This new space is delineated by the gateway one just passed through and trees. The volume here is approximately 43'x53'. The low bamboo railing continues direct one further on their journey. The path here has a new paving pattern. Linear pieces of stone line the edges of the path while the main path is now made of irregularly shaped pieces that provide a bit more challenging surface. The unevenness begins to suggest the trials of the journey to come.

One now turns 90 degrees to the right and enters the fourth segment of the path. This is the longest segment of the path. The volume created here is approximately 13'x151'. The long narrow space is defined by the typical low bamboo railing and manicured plantings. At the end of this path the next gateway is glimpsed. The next gateway is much smaller than the previous gateway encountered but one's first reaction is to assume that it is the same size as the previous one. This play in scale creates the impression of a much longer path. The stone here is similar to that of the last segment. It has become rougher and more uneven as one is progressing toward the temple.

As one finally reaches the end of the long path, the third gateway is encountered. The first choice in path is offered here. One can continue straight or by turning 90 degrees one is taken to the service entrance. This volume is approximately 13'x49' and is delineated by walls on two sides, plantings on another and the gateway on the last. This last gateway is recessed into the wall that surrounds the temple. It becomes the entry foyer into the next spaces.

If one continues through the gateway, one enters the foyer to the temple. This volume is approximately 10'x26' and is enclosed on all sides by walls and a roof. This constricted space offers the first views of the temple through its small openings and small window. The contrast of this space to the previous open linear spaces suggests an ending to ones journey. Having finally reached ones journey, one can notice the path is made up of smooth tiles in comparison to the rough stones that began the journey. Turning left and then right allows one to enter the last space.

The last segment of this journey leads to the veranda of the hojo. It offers the first unobstructed view of the temple. Due to ones proximity, even now this view is only partial.

The segmented path provides separate experiences along the way but each allow a glimpse of what is to come, allowing the entire path to act as one. The consistent palette of materials also acts cohesively to unite the experience. Symbolizing the spiritual journey, the segments become increasingly sacred (or private). This experience is created using a volumetric manipulation of the path. Using open and closed spaces creates a rhythm of compression and expansion. This rhythm symbolizes the emotional trials of the spiritual path. By manipulating the scale, the path appears longer than it really is. The gateways help to further identify each segment of the path. The changing texture of the path plays along with the purpose of one's journey. The entire process acts as a "symbolic story of initiation."

The last segment of this journey leads to the veranda of the hojo. It offers the first unobstructed view of the temple. Due to ones proximity, even now this view is only partial.

Upon entering the main gateway, one than turns left 90 degrees to approach the second gateway.

BRION-VEGA CEMETERY EXPERIENCE

2008-10-11T11:31:00.000-07:00

The Brion-Vega cemetery is located outside of San Vito d'Altivole, Italy. Designed by Carlo Scarpa in 1969, it is an enclosed necropolis for the Brion family. The tombs, chapels, gardens and pathways were carefully designed and detailed by Scarpa. Scarpa said the project was "The place for the dead in a garden. I wanted to show some ways in which you could approach death in a social and civic way; and further what meaning there was in death, in the ephemerality of life." The experience is broken up by using a segmented path. Symbolic themes of life and death bring each segment together to form a cohesive whole. The family tomb surrounds an existing village cemetery. It is enclosed on all sides by a wall and separated from its surroundings. It abandons the grid. A mysterious and symbolic journey is created; departing from the familiar and journeying to the unknown. Scarpa uses form, texture, space and sequence to create the symbolic nature of the path. The main entrance is located inside the village cemetery. The entry, called the propylaeum, is located adjacent to the mausoleums. Instead of the next family name, one finds an opening as wide as the adjacent mausoleums but taller. Light is visible at its far end. The concrete form steps back to reveal an upper skylight. The brick path begins in the village cemetery and compels one forward into the space. Here the bricks change color, indicating a threshold. The entry space is vertically oriented. A set of steps immediately draw attention. Three large scaled steps span from wall to wall with three smaller steps asymmetrically placed in the path. The steps are made of concrete and steel and provide a cadence to ones footsteps on the path. The directional series of volumes here are individual inscribed by variations of patterns and materials on the walls, floors and ceiling. At the end of the entry are two intertwined circles. Backlit by the gardens beyond, the red and blue forms appear dark. This is the first introduction of the symbolic use of circles. It is said these circles represent life and death, together and apart, male and female. Scarpa studied Buddhism and believed in non-duality. "Light and shade, long and short...are different and are to be discriminated; but they are not independent of each other; they are only aspects of the same thing, they are terms of relation, not of reality. Conditions of existence are not of a mutually exclusive character; in essence things are not two but one," Scarpa said about the non-dualities. As one reaches the circles, the second threshold is formed by the roof opening above. The first choice is here. Turning right leads you to the meditation platform. One of four destinations in the cemetery, it is one of two places of repose. The path narrows as one begins their journey to the platform. A glass door opens by recessing into the concrete floor. Even when fully recessed, it still must be stepped over, acting as a third threshold marker. When fully closed, the closure joins together to form a rough crucifix. When open, the closure is a fragmented pattern. After passing this threshold, the path now appears to float on a pool of water. Turning left, one enters the meditation platform. To enter the meditation platform, one must duck under the enclosure, similar to a Japanese teahouse. The view here is limited to the immediate environment. It focuses on the water and the surrounding walls. When one sits down, the vista is surrounded by walls on all sides. The second symbolic material is introduced here. Water is a symbol of the unconscious and the unknown, it implies both death and rebirth. The platform seems to straddle two worlds, floating on the water. Just under the surface of the water are four cylinders. Another symbol of a quaternity form, appears to float just above the water. Plants grow above and below the surface of the water. All of these elements work together symbolizing transcendence and the parallel realities of our world. If one was to turn left at the first choice, the volume instead opens up. The walls here dissolve into the space beyond. The edges of the wall are marked in yellow tiles. The walls here are painted white to further brighten this point of transition. The path transitions from concrete to grass. A water channel feeding the meditation pond runs parallel to the edge of the path here. The source of the water appears to be a spring located at ones next destination. Just before entering the Brion couples tomb, two cylinders rest at the top. The first is the source of the water feeding the meditation pool. Next to it is a dry cylinder. The juxtaposition of these two opposites symbolize the husk of the body and the life of the spirit. The dry channel leads one to the darkness of the couple's tomb. The tomb itself is set into the ground. The tomb here is rotated 45 degrees from the path. A massive, shallow arch partially covers the recessed opening. The underside of the arch is tiled to appear even darker and more mysterious. The two sarcophagi are leaning toward each other, suggesting tension or repose, richness and simplicity or even a last kiss. The floor here is tiled to show the sarcophagi as yet another threshold. As one leaves the tomb, the path leads one across the grass. Staggered concrete steps bring you to the next choice in your path. To the right lies the Brion family tomb. Straight ahead leads one to the chapel. the family tomb is the third destination and has many similar characteristics to the spaces already visited. It is also set in the ground. One has to duck to enter this space, similar to the meditation platform. The path to this tomb is narrow with a tight turn to gain entry. Inside the tomb, the surfaces are painted black to further emphasize the feeling of enclosure. The constricted space puts one uncomfortably close to the grave markers. An opening above offers the only relief. As one travels straight to the chapel, the path here is more open and provides experiences along the way. The long linear path is first open on one side and then closes. A perforated wall forms the enclosure on the right. The perforations allow slices of light to enter the space. Two steps up mark the threshold to the chapel. The path terminates as one reaches a large door with a smaller door set inside it. The wall on the left opens up here revealing the second means of entry, a secondary path used for village funeral services. The chapel is rotated 45 degrees off of the alignment of the path. A triangular ante room is created that leads one into the main volume of the chapel. Geometry in the chapel provides focus. A square in the ceiling is raised up providing space for a skylight. At certain hours, the light falls directly on the altar. At the equinoxes, light enters the skylight and streams through the doors to light the water beyond. The paving patterns and floor inlays further emphasize the diagonal orientation of the chapel. A pool of water marks this as the second place of repose. Surrounded on three sides by water, it also appears to float from certain views. A second door leads one out to the Priests' Cemetery. This path is concrete slabs that appear both above and below the surface of the water. The idea of straddling two worlds is further emphasized as one takes each step along this segment of the path. As one exits the cemetery this way, one has come full circle. Instead of following the path in back out, a second entrance transitions one back into the world. It suggests the unity of one's existence. The symbolic story of this experience is unique to each visitor. Each symbol is open to interpretation. The transcendent nature of the space provides individual insight to each visitor. It is once again a journey from the profane outer world to the more sacred spaces. Symbols from many religions and sources are used. Quaternity forms and circles emphasize each of the three destinations. The tiles are primary colors suggesting a fundamental source. Basic ideas of symbolism are used allowing one to form their own interpretation. It is these basic ideas of symbolism that make this space so special for so many.

Woodland Cemetery Experience

2008-10-11T11:17:00.000-07:00

After winning a 1915 competition, Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz set to work on completing their design for the Woodland Cemetery. Their idea of using the spiritual nature of the existing landscape to amplify the burial sites is what set them apart from the other entries. The cemetery is located next to an existing cemetery just outside of Stockholm. The sensitive placement of the paths and buildings on the site set their design entry apart.

A tree-lined street brings one into the entry forecourt. Large ashlar stone retaining walls hold the earth back revealing a semi-circular forecourt. A recessed fieldstone wall is framed by four columns set into the ashlar wall. Water trickles down the face of this stone wall. This is the first symbolic moment. The water can be seen to represent tears. It also suggests that we are about to enter a sacred space.

As one continues straight, the path opens up into a clearing. The large volume makes one realize how small one is. The clearing starts to reveal and suggest what is to come. A stone path leads to a low wall and uphill to the massive granite cross. In the background one can make out the Monument Hall. Farther in the distance, another step of stone steps lead up to the Meditation Grove. In this space one can begin to see how large the site is and the many qualities and aspects of the various destinations. This space is meant to get one thinking as they begin their journey.

From the clearing, one is drawn to the main pedestrian access of the Way of the Cross. This path will lead to the Cremation Chapels eventually but one is immediately drawn to the cross. The cross itself is abstracted to symbolize a more universal symbol. The height of the cross seems to bridge heaven and earth. The cross acts as a way-finding device for the visitor, standing tall enough to orient oneself. The path is asymmetrically aligned with the entry. The edge of the path is blended into the lawn. The objects are placed throughout asymmetrically allowing it to feel more natural. All throughout the site, the path provides framed views consistently directed skyward, toward the ethereal unknown.

After one has passed the cross, the Cremation Chapels appear on your left. Located at lower slope of the hill, the technical aspects of the crematory are underneath and beyond the chapels.

The Way of the Cross ends when one reaches the Monument Hall. Located next to the largest chapel, the Chapel of the Holy Cross, the Monument Hall provides a transition from the path to the chapels where funerary services are provided. To the right of the Monument Hall, one first encounters an open-air catafalque and then a lily pond. Although these components are close to Monument Hall, they more powerfully provide a backdrop to the Meditation Grove.

The Meditation Grove is set atop a knoll just off the central clearing. Seven flights of granite stairs lead up to the grove. These are the steps that are visible from the entrance. The steps decrease in height and increase in depth as one progresses along the path. The landings become larger as well making the climb easier for the visitor. The climb upward directs one attention to the higher spiritual plane of the heavens. The grove is framed by low deep ashlar walls. Another square is formed outside the walls by weeping elms. The axial orientation aligns one with the four cardinal directions. One's mind is turned to silence and one's eyes move to the heavens. Originally a gravel pit, the landscape here is now smooth. Symbolically, the idea of the hill can be seen as a burial mound or a sacred mountain. Providing this place for reflection and bereavement is especially beneficial to those that have just lost a loved one. On the southern side of the hill, a seven foot wide gravel path leads one toward the forest.

The Way of the Seven Wells was originally planned to be punctuated by seven wells. Only one was ever built. The straight gravel path cuts through the forest, framed by tall spruces and the Chapel of Resurrection at its end. This is the longest path and is broken up by the seven wells. This is symbolic of a pilgrimage path. The number seven is used throughout the project. Symbolical the number seven is reference from the bible. It signifies.... Along the path one begins to notice the tombs. Small, thin slabs punctuate the green lawn. Although it is considered a natural site, it is actually clear of underbrush and instead is a manicured lawn. Minimal paths cut through the forests. To reach a grave, one simply walks across the grass. The tombstones here are oriented facing east toward the rising sun, which many consider the path of renewal. Throughout the cemetery, one is oriented towards the cosmic cycles. It is evident in almost all the spaces.

At the end of the path one has reached the Chapel of Resurrection. As the second chapel built, it was designed in a neoclassical style. The refined materials are a sharp contrast to the natural site one has encountered so far. One enters this chapel from the north, turns east to the altar and then exits to the west underneath the organ loft. The exit process brings one back into the world of the living, filled with light.

Deep within the forest lies the Woodland Chapel. From the Way of the Seven Wells one sees the gateway to the chapel but the chapel remains hidden in the woods. The first to be constructed, it appears to be a traditional Swedish church. The chapel is closely surrounded by the trees. The entry is tall columns that help transition from the dense forest into something man made. An angel of death sits perched at the roof edge. A set of wrought iron doors provide entry into the chapel. Decorated with skulls and snakes, they provide passage to the Kingdom of the Dead. Asplund wanted the design to express the mourner's feelings, he brought them from darkness to light. This chapel has an axial layout with the altar straight ahead. The ceiling is raised up to expose a light filled dome. As one leaves the chapel, a path leads down several steps to another rectangular space. This one is the children's cemetery. If one continues on this path, it leads to a second meditation grove surrounded by miniature willows.

So many symbolic references exist throughout the Woodland Cemetery. Keeping these symbols vague, the mourner is able to interpret their own meaning. Gunnar Ekelof argues this point by saying, " One of the most important things in all art: leave a respectable part up to the reader, the observer, the listener, the participant. There shall be an empty setting at the ready-laid table. It is his." By allowing one to form their own expressions of the space, it becomes unique to each individual. Each visitor creates their own experience and relationship.

Without time to discuss each symbol and expression, it is most important to note the role nature has in the site. By turning the mourner's attention to nature, the cemetery is able to help dissolve grief and be reconciled to it. Nature is not viewed as a threat but a security. The cycle of nature is what it is all about. Nature remains unalterable in an uncertain world.

Author's Note: Designing a crematorium complex in 1915 was very controversial. Many were opposed to this new method. People form very specific views on death and what is acceptable. I believe the idea of assisted-suicide is similar to the original challenge they faced in designing the Woodland Cemetery. The careful treatment of the crematorium in the natural landscape was crucial to their success. Hopefully, my relationship of an assisted-suicide facility can form the same connection with nature.

Precedents

2008-10-05T16:36:00.000-07:00

I have been trying to a more in depth analysis to each of my precedents. It seems like I am never getting anywhere with them so I wanted to post some of the images so at least I can show some progress. This is the rough draft of my analysis of the Koto-In Temple. I plan to study site, program, light, materials, path and symbolism for each of my four precedents. They have all been started but I want to look at each one more in-depth.

Research of Personal Accounts of Assisted-Suicide:

2008-10-05T04:41:00.000-07:00

Finding someone I personally know that has experience with an assisted-suicide was very difficult. I have known many people with terminal illnesses and I have watched them change as their disease took over. No one that I have been close with has asked for help in dying. Instead, I looked into the stories written by various family member and doctors about their experiences helping their loved ones die. Although the world of assisted-suicide is still very secretive in the United States, there are the few that are becoming more and more vocal about their cause.
The leader of the assisted-suicide movement in the United States has been the Hemlock Society. Founded by Derek Humphry, its goal is to provide information and emotional support for those with terminal illnesses. Derek Humphry has written many books, including Final Exit and Jean's Way, both of which will be discussed later. It is illegal to provide physical assistance but the freedom of speech has been able to help many find the information they want. Final Exit is actually banned from France. It provides the medical knowledge for an individual to have a "good death". Aside from the medical aspects, it also looks into the emotional, physical and legal aspects of assisted-suicide. It is a how-to for the terminally ill. Theresa M. Stephany in the American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care argues for assisted-suicide by saying "It is insulting to assume that patients who request assisted-suicide are clinically depressed. Most are just realistic. They know what lies ahead and they'd rather not continue with it. Let's be honest; despite our best efforts, some deaths are simply too horrible to believe."
The problem with the assisted-suicide being illegal is that it creates an environment where information and resources are shared without supervision. Terminally-ill patients don't know who they can trust, what they need to do, where they can go for help. The few stories that have been published have started to provide the necessary support group for a "good death". Understanding these patients and their stories provides insight into the struggle for information and support.
Jean's Way is the story of Derek Humphry's journey with his first wife Jean. Dying of cancer, she remained hopeful, tried every new treatment but eventually the cancer spread to her bones and she found that her life was no longer the life she wished to lead. She said "I'd rather live a little less and go out on my own terms." She started talking early amongst the family members, preparing them for what was to come. Although they knew of terminally-ill patients committing suicide, they didn't know what they needed. Derek used his resources as a writer to try to find someone to help, it proved challenging for even him. Eventually, they were able to find the resources they needed and plan Jean's death. Challenge after challenge made Jean have to focus on how she could end her life instead of enjoying the last of her life.
Last Wish by Betty Rollin is written about the author's mother and her journey to the end. It is a beautiful story of a strong, independent woman dying of cancer. She tried every treatment, switched doctors but eventually, the quality of life was gone. She could no longer stay alone. She required constant supervision. At one point during her treatment, she asked her doctor "It doesn't make sense anymore. My life is over. It's time to go. Why can't I go? Why can't they give me a pill that would end it? ...if a person wants to go, they should help." It is the cry for help that often goes unanswered. In this case, her daughter Betty was able to find the help she needed for her mother. Many patients don't have the support of family in this matter. A critical idea that is expressed in this book is a conversation that happened between Betty and her husband. Betty says, "I can't image her actually doing it. Can you? Can you?" Her husband responds with "Yes, but in a way that's not the issue. The issue is choice."
In A Chosen Death, five different patients stories are told. Each is unique in cause of death, support of family and friends and why they want to commit suicide. For the terminally ill, many had submitted themselves to all available attempts at life. It was when it became hopeless and painful that they began to consider their alternatives. It is with the support of friends and family that these people were able to end their lives in a peaceful and dignified manner.
In reading through these touching stories, I found a few lessons learned. One is that the patient only wants the choice. One of the stories I read featured a woman dying of cancer that just wanted the pills on hand in case it got too bad. It never did for her but it put her mind at ease to know she had a way out. Allowing assisted-suicide to become legal will allow many more of these patients to have a choice.
Information is easier to come by now days than it was a decade ago. With books such as Final Exit and A Chosen Death, one can find the necessary resources to prepare oneself and their family.
Communication amongst family and friends is very important for the patient. Those that brought up the idea of suicide early in the process were able to spend the most time with their families talking openly about their death. Books on how to have these final conversations with loved ones exist in multitude, some I find hopeful are Final Conversations and An Easeful Death. Support groups exist all across the country for those with terminal illnesses that wish to speak openly, yet secretively, with others going through the same things.
In the end it is the support and love of the loved ones that the patient wishes to remember. It is critical that a patient be provided with the opportunities to express their concerns in an open and hones manner. By legalizing assisted-suicide, even to the very narrow, specific terms that are legal in Oregon, it will allow people to have a choice. Providing a legal choice will allow patients, families and friends get all the information and make an informed decision. Making the choice to end one's life early is hard enough; we need to be able to provide the resources and support system that is missing from these patients stories. As Elizabeth Kubler-Ross says, "Death is not the problem. Dying is feared because of the accompanying sense of hopelessness, helplessness and isolation... Was it Montaigne who said that death is just the moment dying ends?"

Research Topic 1: Laws on Assisted-Suicide

2008-09-27T12:51:00.000-07:00

It comes as no surprise that assisted-suicide is widely controversial. While many states have tried to pass laws making assisted-suicide legal, Oregon has been the only state to successfully pass such a law. Only four such laws exist in the world. The Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg and Oregon are where assisted-suicide is legal. (Luxembourg just passed the legalization this year). Even than it's much more complicated than that. To understand what is legal one must understand assisted-suicide.

Assisted-Suicide: The deliberate hastening of death by a terminally ill patient with assistance from a doctor, family member, or another individual.

Euthanasia: The doctor deliberately hastens the death of a terminally ill patient.

Terminally-Ill Patient: When a person is not expected to live more than 12 months.

Currently Euthanasia is only legal in the Netherlands. I am here to explore assisted-suicide for the terminally-ill.

Opponents of assisted-suicide believe that there is no reason for anyone to choose to die. They believe that pain is always controllable. They believe that sometimes patients may be coerced to do so. Also, the patient loses the last moments with their families or the chance for a change of heart.

Proponents of assisted-suicide believe that a change in the law is necessary based on reasons of compassion. Pain is not always controllable. The patient deserves freedom of choice in the face of intolerable suffering.

I believe we should always have a choice. Because we are given a choice does not mean that we will take advantage of that choice. Based on religious and moral reasons, many people would never think to consider asking someone to help them end their life. It is estimated that some 10% of deaths would be effected by a change in this law. Looking at the statistics available for Oregon, if you compare the number of deaths to the number of deaths by assisted-suicide, it is only 0.2% between 2003 and 2005. It is far less than the estimated 10% that "might" use it. A higher percent asks for the prescription. Having the choice for many patients is enough.Laws Around the World:

United Kingdom

England and Wales: possibility of up to 14 years imprisonment for anybody assisting a suicide.

Scotland: there is no Scots authority of whether it is criminal to help another to commit suicide. This has never been tested in court.

Europe

Germany: no penalty for the action since 1751, although it rarely happens there due to the hangover taboo caused by Nazi mass murders, plus powerful, contemporary, church influences. Direct killing by euthanasia is a crime.

France does not have a specific law banning assisted suicide, but such a case could be prosecuted under 223-6 of the Penal Code for failure to assist a person in danger. Convictions are rare and punishments minor. France bans all publications that advise on suicide

Denmark: no specific law banning assisted suicide.

Italy: the action is legally forbidden.

Four European countries today openly, legally, authorize assisted dying of terminal patients at their request:

Switzerland (1941)
Belgium (2002)
Netherlands (as well as voluntary euthanasia, lawfully since April 2002, but permitted by the courts since 1984).
Luxembourg (2008)

Two doctors must be involved in Belgium, and the Netherlands, plus a psychologist if there are doubts about the patient's competency. But that is not stipulated in Switzerland, although at least a doctor usually is because the right-to-die societies insist on medical certification of terminality before assisting.

Belgium and the Netherlands permit voluntary euthanasia, but Switzerland bans death by injection, and all have 'residents only' rules, except Switzerland which alone does not bar foreigners provided they are critically, terminally ill. In 2001 the Swiss National Council confirmed the assisted suicide law but kept the prohibition of euthanasia.

All three right-to-die organizations in Switzerland help terminally ill people to die by providing counselling and lethal drugs. Police are always informed. But only one group, DIGNITAS, in Zurich, will accept foreigners who are either terminal, or severely mentally ill, or clinically depressed beyond treatment. (Note: Both Dutch and Belgian euthanasia laws have caveats permitting assisted suicide for the mentally ill in rare and incurable cases.)

Scandinavia

Sweden: no law specifically proscribing assisted suicide, the prosecutors might charge an assister with manslaughter - and do.

Norway: has criminal sanctions against assisted suicide by using the charge "accessory to murder". In cases where consent was given and the reasons compassionate, the courts pass lighter sentences

Denmark: no laws permitting assisted suicide, despite reports that it does.

Finland: nothing in its criminal code about assisted suicide

Asia & Pacific

Japan: medical voluntary euthanasia approved by a high court in l962 in the Yamagouchi case, but instances are extremely rare, seemingly because of complicated taboos on suicide, dying and death in that country.

New Zealand: forbids assistance under 179 of the New Zealand Crimes Act, l961, but

Northern Territory of Australia: had voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide for nine months until the Federal Parliament repealed the law in l997. Only four people were able to use it. Other states have attempted to change the law, so far unsuccessfully.

North America

Canada: The law in Canada is almost the same as in England; it is a crime to assist a suicide, punishable by up to 14 years imprisonment. Rarely prosecuted.

Mexico: On April 22, 2008, the Mexican Senate voted 70-0 in favour of legalizing passive euthanasia. This concept allows doctors to withdraw life-sustaining medication from patients, but not to, for instance, administer poisons.

Central & South America

Colombia: Colombia's Constitutional Court in 1997 approved medical voluntary euthanasia but its parliament has never ratified it. So the ruling stays in limbo until a doctor challenges it. Assisted suicide remains a crime.

Uruguay: a person must appear in court, yet Article 27 of the Penal Code (effective 1934) says: "The judges are authorized to forego punishment of a person whose previous life has been honorable where he commits a homicide motivated by compassion, induced by repeated requests of the victim."

Laws in the US:

In Ohio, that state's supreme court ruled in October 1996 that assisted suicide is not a crime.

In Virginia, there is no real clear case law on assisted suicide , nor is there is a statute criminalizing the act, although there is a statute which imposes civil sanctions on persons assisting in a suicide.

Only Oregon permits physician- assisted suicide.

Oregon is not the only state to have voted on assisted-suicide. Many have tried and all have failed, so far. Here are the ballots that have been tried:

1991 -Washington State: Ballot Initiative 119, which would have legalized euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, was defeated by voters by a vote of 54 to 46 percent.

1992 - California: Voters defeated Proposition 161, a ballot initiative which would have legalized euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, by a vote of 54 to 46 percent.

1998 - Michigan: Measure B was overwhelmingly rejected by voters. The measure would have legalized physician-assisted suicide and was defeated by a vote of 70 to 30 percent.

2000 - Maine: The “Maine Death with Dignity Act,” patterned after the “Oregon Death with Dignity Act” which legalized physician-assisted suicide, was defeated by voters. The vote was 51 to 49 percent.

Since Oregon passed its assisted-suicide law in 1994—the only state to do so—numerous physician-assisted suicide and/or euthanasia bills have been introduced in 21 states, some multiple times. Not one has passed.

Seven states actually passed laws prohibiting assisted suicide: Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia

Sources for information on the legality of assisted-suicide:

A Chosen Death by Lonny Shavelson

Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund http://www.dredf.org/

Euthanasia Research & Guidance Organization http://www.finalexit.org/

Final Acts of Love by Stephen Jamison

Final Exit by Derek Humphry

Oregon State http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/pas/index.shtml

Center for Disease Control: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/PRESSROOM/data/state_profile_OR.htm

Great Idea for Patient Furniture

2008-09-19T12:33:00.000-07:00

Not that I am anywhere close to this point but I just came across this product. It creates a more homelike and flexible hospital environment that promotes well-being. It provides flexible spaces for the family to visit or stay over. I think it would a great place to start when I start looking at how to integrate the medical aspects into the patient's cabins.

http://nurture.steelcase.com/

Precedent- Cemetery/Sacred Space

2008-09-13T18:06:00.000-07:00

Research and Readings

2008-09-13T10:06:00.000-07:00

Spiritual Path, Sacred Place

What I learned most from this book, is the progression and ideas of path. The most intriguing ideas are in which the visitor experiences and chooses their way through the spaces. This book mentioned the Woodland Cemetery and the Brion-Vega Cemetery. I decided to further research these ideas (See later on in this blog) I will come back to this book and the way it references nature and spirituality.

The Woodland Cemetery

Okay, after this book I no longer feel anything toward this project. I have decided to no longer pursue it as a precedent. The progression of the design ideas between the two architects seemed haphazard and unrelated. The only features that I liked were the meditation knoll and the placing of the graves under the trees. I have decided to focus my studies on the Brion-Vega Cemetery

At this time, I just checked out a book on Brion and will begin my further research on it. The Spiritual Path devoted an entire chapter to and has provided me with a lot of ideas. The use of symbolism through out the space is intriguing. I like that is very personal to the family yet the visitors still want to come.

On Death and Dying

The ideas that I pulled from this reading were:
Prepatory depression versus reactive depression
Acceptance is almost void of feelings. The final rest before the long journey, it's the time the family needs the most help.
The patient reaches a point where death comes as a great relief.
Monumental task required to achieve this stage of acceptance, leading towards a gradual separation (decathexis) where there is no longer two way communication.
Death is not the problem. Dying is feared because of the accompanying sense of hopelessness, helplessness and isolation.
Death is just the moment dying ends.
And this poem from Stray Birds CLXXVI by Tagore:
The water in the vessel is sparkling;
the water in the sea is dark.
The small truth has words that are clear;
the great truth has great silence.

Last Wish by Betty Rollin

This is the story of a terminally-ill woman. It is written by her daughter. It does a wonderful job chronically her life all the way to her last moment. It discovers the pain and torment of both the patient and the family. It was written in the early 80's when even less knowlege was available than today. One of the best lines from the book took place in a dialogue between the daughter and her husband:
"I can't imagine her actually doing it, can you?" "Yes, but in a way that's not the issue. The issue is choice."
I found this to be so compelling. Why don't more places allow someone to help these people that so desperately want help.

A Chosen Death by Lonny Shavelson

I think this is my favorite book I have read on the issues so far. It provides the accounts of five different terminally-ill patients and their struggles to find help. It references the books I have already read as well as the ones on my nightstand. The insight from this book is what I was looking for. If I had to recommend only one book on the topic, it would be this one. The author remains objective through out the interviews. He provides stories on the elderly, the young, the disabled and the depressed. It provides summaries of the other books I have been reading and pointing out the relevance to each case.

Next up on my reading list:

Derek Humphrey's list of books: Final Exit, Jean's Way and Let Me Die Before I Wake
Final Acts of Love by Stephen Jamison
Icons of Twentieth-Century Landscape Design by Katie Campbell (features Woodland Cemetery)

I also found a great website devoted to Scarpa's work that provides many useful drawings and images.

Schedule

2008-09-13T10:03:00.000-07:00

Instructor Feedback Intensive

2008-09-13T10:02:00.000-07:00

Annie Kemp, August 08 Intensive
Feedback by Heinrich Hermann following final review on Aug 23, 08

Hello Annie,

As I look at my notes from the review and revisit the paper copy of your proposal, the following thoughts come to mind:
· Your work thus far was well done and it is both a very stimulating and valuable topic that should allow you to make an unusually rich, timely contribution
· The comments on the architectural strategy for researching, i.e. which focus might be particularly helpful, were constructive. The suggestions for focusing on paths [including tacticle and sound sensations, and including doing it both in plan, section], or on spaces close to the body
· The role of light and a systematic investigation of understanding it also in relation to materials, or the revelations it might bring when the person washes his/her face and sees close-up
· The concerns of those left behind you have already dealt with, but it certainly warrants further exploration
· One writer coming to mind about death is Elisabeth Kuebler-Ross, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross , whose most famous book was On Death and Dying, and she formulated the famous ‘Five Stages of Grief’. Other books by her may offer insights or references to your subject matter
· The treatment of the arrival/departure points is relatively clear in your mind but warrants more investigation (e.g. formulate the extreme poles between which the work happens and settle on fundamental choices in between)
· Again, I think that finding reports from people from just before they went through this, or their relatives, might be extremely important.
· Re the various designs of the rooms it would be interesting to see what happens if everything were understood as ‘patient-centric’, i.e. that if a curtain needs to be drawn, the patient still has’ the views s/he can enjoy otherwise, and rather the relatives’ spaces get smaller, etc.

Preliminary Thesis Proposal

2008-09-13T09:10:00.000-07:00